2002年考研翻译英译汉试题
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends? (65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
2002年考研翻译英译汉语参考译文（全文翻译）
我们面临的重要问题几乎都涉及人的行为，而这些问题不能光靠物理学和生物学来解放。我们需要行为科学，但是可能产生行为学的科学一直发展缓慢，61）难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学曾经有过类似的做法，但只有在放弃这些做法之后一这两门科学才得到了发展。62）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境显然很重要，但是其作用一直没有得到清楚的解释。环境所起的作用不是推动或者拉动，而是选择，这种作用是很难发现和分析的。63）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。不过，随着人们对生物与环境之间的相互作用开始有了一些了解，曾经被认为是心态、情感、性格特征产生的影响现在已经开始从现有环境寻找答案，行为科学有可能因此应运而生。但是，除非它能完全取代近代科学出现前的传统思想，否则行为科学无法解决我们的问题，因为那些传统思想实在太根深蒂固了。自由和尊严就能解释这种难度。
